How to debug if no images in media folder?

This problem has been with me since Kirby 2 and unfortunately it keeps coming back: Images in the media folder are not created. However, the .jobs files are there.
The problem has also occurred several times here in the forum over the last few years.

We have already discussed this in the past, but unfortunately still no error messages are displayed. And the error handling does not seem to be available at this point either, because although no image could be created, the browser is redirected to a media URL that does not exist. This only leads to a 404 message from the web server. However, it would make sense to go directly to a correct error handling routine at the point where no image could be created.

My question: How can I debug this? There are no messages in the error log or anywhere else.

Environment: Docker, Container with php-apache:8.3, gd, freetype, webp etc enabled (standard, using this everywhere)

The image file is in the content folder. All directories have correct permissions.

image

Media folder contains only .jobs folder

image

Do I really have to start adding debug messages to the Kirby sources installed via composer and look for where to start in the code files? Or is there a developer-friendly way to localise such an error? Where to start? Can i check something from commandline?