Do you want to do this only on a per page basis? in all page content or just the blocks field? Or check all images over the whole site?
For a single page and the images belonging to this page:
<?php
// Get all uuids of the page's images
$uuids = $page->images()->pluck('uuid', ',');
// Get the block/layouts field value and remove the slashes
$block = stripslashes($page->layout()->value());
// Create a pattern from the uuids by exploding the array
preg_match_all(
'!\(' . implode('|', $uuids) . '\)!',
$block,
$matches
);
// $matches returns an array of uuids present in the given string
dump($matches);